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Contour plowing
Contour ploughing or contour farming or Contour bunding is the farming practice of plowing and/or planting across a slope following its elevation contour lines. These contour lines create a water break which reduces the formation of rills and gullies during times of heavy water run-off; which is a major cause of soil erosion. The water break also allows more time for the water to settle into the soil.〔"Contour Farming for Cropland in the Pacific." University of Hawai‘i - College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources. Ed. University of Hawaii at Manoa. USDA NRCS Practice (330), Web. .〕 In contour ploughing, the ruts made by the plow run perpendicular rather than parallel to slopes, generally resulting in furrows that curve around the land and are level. This method is also known for preventing tillage erosion.〔Van Oost, K. K., Govers, G. G., de Alba, S. S., & Quine, T. A. (2006). Tillage erosion: a review of controlling factors and implications for soil quality. Progress In Physical Geography, 30(4), 443-466.〕 Tillage erosion is the soil movement and erosion by tilling a given plot of land.〔Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences. "Tillage Erosion." Agronomy Guide (Penn State Extension). Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences, 2013. .〕 A similar practice is contour bunding where stones are placed around the contours of slopes.
Soil erosion prevention practices such as this can drastically decrease negative affects associated with soil erosion such as reduced crop productivity, worsened water quality, lower effective reservoir water levels, flooding, and habitat destruction.〔Lifen Xu, Xuegong Xu, Xiangwei Meng, Risk assessment of soil erosion in different rainfall scenarios by RUSLE model coupled with Information Diffusion Model: A case study of Bohai Rim, China, CATENA, Volume 100, January 2013, Pages 74-82, ISSN 0341-8162(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S034181621200183X)〕 Contour farming is considered an active form of sustainable agriculture.〔Roychoowdhury, Banerjee U, Sofkova S, Yah J. ORGANIC FARMING FOR CROPIMPROVEMENT AND SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE IN THE ERA OF CLIMATE CHANGE. Online Journal of Biological Sciences. 2013;13(2):50-65〕
==History==
The Phoenicians first developed the practice of contour farming and spread it throughout the Mediterranean. However, the Romans preferred cultivation in straight furrows and this practice became standard.
In recent years, contour farming systems are considered as field and farm practices to build climate-smart agriculture as they improve water-use efficiency and conservation.
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